Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Microenvironment of liver regeneration in liver cancer

  • Academic Exploration
  • Published:
Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The occurrence and development of liver cancer are essentially the most serious outcomes of uncontrolled liver regeneration. The progression of liver cancer is inevitably related to the abnormal microenvironment of liver regeneration. The deterioration observed in the microenvironment of liver regeneration is a necessary condition for the occurrence, development and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, the use of a technique to prevent and treat liver cancer via changes in the microenvironment of liver regeneration is a novel strategy. This strategy would be an effective way to delay, prevent or even reverse cancer occurrence, development and metastasis through an improvement in the liver regeneration microenvironment along with the integrated regulation of multiple components, targets, levels, channels and time sequences. In addition, the treatment of "tonifying Shen (Kidney) to regulate liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment" can regulate "the dynamic imbalance between the normal liver regeneration and the abnormal liver regeneration"; this would improve the microenvironment of liver regeneration, which is also a mechanism by which liver cancer may be prevented or treated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen JG, Zhang SW. Liver cancer epidemic in China: past, present and future. Sem Cancer Biol 2011;21:59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010;127:2893–2917.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Li HM. Regulatory network of nerve-endocrine-immune-liver regeneration. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Liver Dis (Chin) 2014;24:193–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Choi SS, Diehl AM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in the liver. Hepatology 2009;50:2007–2013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Williams E, Iredale J. Hepatic regeneration and TGF-beta: growing to a prosperous perfection. Gut 2000;46:593–594.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Li HM. Regulation of liver regeneration: research progress and prospect. World Chin J Dig (Chin) 2015;23:3337–3343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhou GY, Cai YP. Research progress of epithelial mesenchymal transition. J Zhengzhou Univ (Med Sci, Chin) 2010;45:353–355.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lu HM, Ma LJ. Mechanism of epithelial mesenchymal transition and its role in tumor metastasis. Chin J Cancer Biother (Chin) 2009;16:541–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nieto MA. Epithelial plasticity: a common theme in embryonic and cancer cells. Science 2013;342:1234850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Katsuno Y, Lamouille S, Derynck R. TGF-β signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Curr Opin Oncol 2013;25:76–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Li HM. The unbalance of EMT/MET and "marrow cells cannot differentiate into liver cells". Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Liver Dis (Chin) 2012;21:385–389.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Okamoto K, Tajima H, Nakanuma S, Sakai S, Makino I, Kinoshita J, et al. Angiotensin II enhances epithelial-tomesenchymal transition through the interaction between activated hepatic stellate cells and the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012;41:573–582.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dooley S, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β in progression of liver disease. Cell Tissue Res 2012;347:245–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang YP, Yu GR, Lee MJ, Lee SY, Chu IS, Leem SH, et al. Lipocalin-2 negatively modulates the epithelialto-mesenchymal transition in liver cancer through the epidermal growth factor (TGF-beta1)/Lcn2/Twist1 pathway. Hepatology 2013;58:1349–1361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Xie G, Diehl AM. Evidence for and against epithelialto-mesenchymal transition in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013;305:G881–G890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. van Zijl F, Zulehner G, Petz M, Schneller D, Kornauth C, Hau M, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver cancer. Future Oncol 2009;5:1169–1179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lu H, Liu J, Liu S, Zeng J, Ding D, Carstens RP, et al. Exo70 isoform switching upon epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediates cancer cell invasion. Dev Cell 2013;27:560–573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Tam WL, Weinberg RA. The epigenetics of epithelialmesenchymal plasticity in cancer. Nat Med 2013;19:1438–1449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang W, Chen XP, Zhang WG, Zhang F, Xiang S, Dong HH, et al. Hepatic non-parenchymal cells and extracellular matrix participate in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:552–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Suh SW, Lee KW, Lee JM, You T, Choi Y, Kim H, et al. Prediction of aggressiveness in early-stage liver cancer for selection of surgical resection. J Hepatol 2014;60:1219–1224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sun J, Jian ZX, Ou YL, Hou BH, Ou JR. The clinical value of postoperative prophylactic TACE on HCC patients with varied recurrent factors. J Pract Med (Chin) 2011;27:2148–2150.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ding T, Xu J, Zhang Y, Guo RP, Wu WC, Zhang SD, et al. Endothelium-coated tumor clusters are associated with poor prognosis and micrometastasis of liver cancer after resection. Cancer 2011;117:4878–4889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhong C, Wei W, Su XK, Li HD, Xu FB, Guo RP. Serum and tissue vascular endothelial growth factor predicts prognosis in liver cancer patients after partial liver resection. Hepatogastroenterology 2012;59:93–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shi JH, Liu SZ, Wierød L, Scholz H, Anmarkrud JA, Huitfeldt HS, et al. RAF-targeted therapy for liver cancer in the regenerating liver. J Surg Oncol 2013;107:393–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Taub R. Liver regeneration: from myth to mechanism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004;5:836–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Huh CG, Factor VM, Sánchez A, Uchida K, Conner EA, Thorgeirsson SS. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:4477–4482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Scarpino S, D'Alena FC, Di Napoli A, Ballarini F, Prat M, Ruco LP. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a role for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in promoting tumour angiogenesis. J Pathol 2003;199:243–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Takeda S, Liu H, Sasagawa S, Dong Y, Trainor PA, Cheng EH, et al. HGF-MET signals via the MLL-ETS2 complex in liver cancer. J Clin Invest 2013;123:3154–3165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Schoedel KE, Tyner VZ, Kim TH, Michalopoulos GK, Mars WM. HGF, MET, and matrix-related proteases in liver cancer, fibrolamellar variant, cirrhotic and normal liver. Mod Pathol 2003;16:14–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Giordano S, Columbano A. Met as a therapeutic target in HCC: facts and hopes. J Hepatol 2014;60:442–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ozaki I, Mizuta T, Zhao G, Zhang H, Yoshimura T, Kawazoe S, et al. Induction of multiple matrix metalloproteinase genes in human liver cancer by hepatocyte growth factor via a transcription factor Ets-1. Hepatol Res 2003;27:289–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Koniaris LG, McKillop IH, Schwartz SI, Zimmers TA. Liver regeneration. J Am Coll Surg 2003;197:634–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Li HM. Fundamental and clinical application for liver disease treatment with therapeutic principle of "tonifying the Kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair". Mod Tradit Chin Med Mater Med World Sci Technol (Chin) 2013;15:1425–1428.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Li HM. Construction and application of tertiary prevention program for liver cancer based on "tonifying the Kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment". Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Liver Dis (Chin) 2015;25:369–372.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Li H, Zhang L. Liver regeneration microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma for prevention and therapy. Oncotarget 2017;8:1805–1813.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Li HM, Gao X, Yan XS. Studies of Zuogui Wan medicated serum pharmacology based on the co-culture system of bone marrow stem cells and hepatocytes. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res (Chin) 2010;14:3527–3532.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chang MX, Wu MM, Li HM. Study on the inhibitory effect and mechanism of Curcumin combining with sorafenib on hepatoma HepG-2 cell. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Liver Dis (Chin) 2016;26:277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Li HM. Discussion on pathogenesis of mutual transformation between deficiency and cumulative pathological changes in liver cirrhosis. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med (Chin) 2015;33:2825–2827.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Li HM, Gui WJ, Li JJ, Gao X, Yan XS, Cheng Y. Effects of Zuoguiwan on the liver regeneration related gene signaling pathway in female mice with male mice bone marrow transplant. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res (Chin) 2008;12:6069–6073.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Li HM, Gao X, Zhou MS. Effects of Zuogui Pill on gene expression profile of regenerate hepatic tissue in MSG-liver regeneration-rat. China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm (Chin) 2006;21:104–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Li HM, Yang ML, Mei JJ, Zhang LT, Qiu XF. The effects of Zuogui Pill on expression of TGF-α,β and its receptor in ARN and regenerative liver of the MSG-regeneration-rat. Chin J Hepatol (Chin) 2004;12:307–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Song HL, Li HM, Lin LS, Gao X, Zhao BB, Zhang J, et al. Effects of Diwu Yanggan Capsule on liver regeneration of rat with deficiency of Kidney essence and Liver blood. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Liver Dis (Chin) 2013;23:90–92.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Li HM. Essence of deficiency syndrome and generate of vitality theory. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med (Chin) 2011;29:2157–2160.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Li HM, Zhao BB, Gao X, Shen X, Wu Y, Zhang JR, et al. Tonifying Kidney network to modulate liver regeneration microenvironment to prevent and cure liver cancer. J Hubei Univ Tradit Chin Med (Chin) 2015;17:5–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Li HM. Microcirculation of liver cancer, microenvironment of liver regeneration, and the strategy of Chinese medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2016;22:163–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Han-min Li.

Additional information

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81373513), and Research Projects of Key Diseases of the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Center, Hubei Province (No. JDZX2012054, JDZX2015172)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Hm., Ye, Zh. Microenvironment of liver regeneration in liver cancer. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 23, 555–560 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-017-2806-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-017-2806-0

Keywords

Navigation